Elahe Feizi Moghaddam; Mohammad Aref; MohamadReza Sharif Zadeh
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is the hypertextual study of the compound metamorphosis myths in Bahram Beyzai''''s plays based on the theory of Gérard Genette. Hypertextuality is one of the types of Genette'''' transtextuality, which represents the connection between two texts. This theory expresses the ...
Read More
The purpose of this paper is the hypertextual study of the compound metamorphosis myths in Bahram Beyzai''''s plays based on the theory of Gérard Genette. Hypertextuality is one of the types of Genette'''' transtextuality, which represents the connection between two texts. This theory expresses the effectiveness and derivation of the hypotext on the hypertext and includes two basic types, imitation and transformation. The compound metamorphosis myths are considered to be one of the most important surprising elements in the literature. In metamorphosis, creatures transform from one form to another and in the combined structure, creatures are represented as a composite of humans, animals, etc. Literature is considered as the origin of the presence of myths which both impress mutually on each other. This connection provides an opportunity to study them with respect to the theory of hypertextuality. The results of this study reveal that these creatures exist in eighteen plays written by Beyzai, and their existence is inspired by mythological literature, folk tales and heroic poems. In the process of turning mythological narratives into plays, Beyzai has been loyal to the main themes and has often used them directly. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical, and based on the qualitative content analysis, the features of the compound metamorphosis creatures have been identified in Beyzai''''s plays and according to the theory of hypertextuality, the interactions of the plays with ancient literature have been studied.
amineh feizi; Rahman .
Abstract
Abstract
Regarding the factors of environmental crises in the new era, various views and opinions have been made, some of the scientific developments are considered to be the most important factor, which undoubtedly is the most important factor in the destruction, but people such as Lein White and others ...
Read More
Abstract
Regarding the factors of environmental crises in the new era, various views and opinions have been made, some of the scientific developments are considered to be the most important factor, which undoubtedly is the most important factor in the destruction, but people such as Lein White and others regard religious attitudes as one of the main causes of these crises. However, by referring to religious and mystical texts, it is deduced that in religious and mystical teachings there are many points about nature and its conservation, which can be used to improve the relationship between man and nature Can be fruitful. Therefore, mysticism as a social institution in a period of Iranian Islamic history and culture has had different discourses in different fields. The common discourse in mysticism that can be mentioned is environmental discourse, which is widely used by mystics in mystical texts. The authors of this article have been looking for useful environmental discourses in these texts, resulting in useful discourses such as harassment of nature, kindness and compassion for all beings, the rights of nature, balance and harmony in nature, The union of man and nature.
Keywords: discourse, environment, natural rights, mysticism
Literary interdisciplinary research
Badrieh Ghavami; Nemat Mansouri; Reza Borzoiy; Jamal Adhami
Abstract
Sociological criticism is one of the new and efficient methods of literary texts, which is effective in the analysis of contemporary novels. Considering that novels and short stories are influenced by the conditions of society more than any other literary work and can reflect social structures better ...
Read More
Sociological criticism is one of the new and efficient methods of literary texts, which is effective in the analysis of contemporary novels. Considering that novels and short stories are influenced by the conditions of society more than any other literary work and can reflect social structures better than any other type, therefore sociological criticism is important. This article tries to analyze the novel "Bail Mourners" from Bakhtin's polyphonic point of view using the method of content analysis. Polyphony is one of the key and influential topics in the field of literary and artistic criticism, which was presented by the Russian literary critic and philosopher Bakhtin in the middle of the 20th century. According to his point of view, polyphony in a literary work is such that, apart from the voice of the narrator or author, the voices of other characters are also heard, and none of the voices dominate each other, and in a polyphonic text, discourses rejected by society and unheard voices They can be seen and introduced. Two-way conversations, creating favorable conditions for dialogue, the colorful presence of characters, pluralism, the freedom of characters, as well as intertextual functions such as proverbs and irony, myths, being influenced by literary works, etc. It adds to the polyphony of the text in this work. In this article, an attempt is made to extract the polyphonic expressions of the text and show the effect of each of them in polyphonic text.
Literary interdisciplinary research
jafar fasaei; somayeh rezaee
Abstract
In most of the definitions, myth has been interpreted as the collective wishes of humans . These wishes are sometimes used to interpret and justify the mysterious phenomena of nature, sometimes in the form of counter-narratives against the narrative of nothingness and death, and sometimes in the form ...
Read More
In most of the definitions, myth has been interpreted as the collective wishes of humans . These wishes are sometimes used to interpret and justify the mysterious phenomena of nature, sometimes in the form of counter-narratives against the narrative of nothingness and death, and sometimes in the form of hopes and wishes far from human reach. Along with this range of definitions, and based on contemporary intellectual-philosophical approaches centered on concepts such as power and ideology, myths should not necessarily be considered as emerging from the collective mind of pre-modern man with the above functions, but rather a kind of power-oriented discourse that in Power relations emerge and, like an ideological tool, play a role in strengthening or weakening a particular discourse. From this perspective and with such a reading of the myth, we have followed the relationship between the novel Shohar e ahokhanom and the myth. The results show that Shohar e ahokhanom's novel is actually a secular form of the creation myth, and this myth is encoded in this very important and well-known work by preserving its general lines and frameworks. By placing the myth of creation in the formula of the special reading of the present article of the myth, i.e. the discourse focused on power, it was found that the function of this myth, in accordance with the requirements, issues and problematics of the author's era, was placed in the direction of suppressing women for the benefit of patriarchy
Literary interdisciplinary research
maryam dorpar; helma Amiri
Abstract
رمانس امیرارسلان که در روساخت یک روایت عاشقانۀ طولانی است و در آن حوادث خارقالعاده روی میدهد، مورد توجه ناصرالدین شاه قاجار بوده است. با توجه به این که در نظام پادشاهی، ...
Read More
رمانس امیرارسلان که در روساخت یک روایت عاشقانۀ طولانی است و در آن حوادث خارقالعاده روی میدهد، مورد توجه ناصرالدین شاه قاجار بوده است. با توجه به این که در نظام پادشاهی، شاه در رأس هرم قدرت قرار دارد و روایت-شنویی او میتواند معنادار باشد، مسئلهای که پژوهش حاضر بدان میپردازد، بررسی رابطۀ معنادار بین روایت امیرارسلان با زندگی و شخصیت روایتشنو خاص آن- ناصرالدین شاه- است. این مطالعه از طریق بررسی مقولۀ قدرت در رمانس امیرارسلان به انجام میرسد؛ با طرح این پرسشها که چه عواملی در ایجاد قدرت فرادست در این رمانس نقش دارند و مقولۀ قدرت به چه انواعی قابل دسته بندی است؟ و چه رابطۀ معناداری بین زندگی و شخصیت ناصرالدین شاه و روایت امیرارسلان وجود دارد؟ نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که در زیرساخت این روایت عاشقانه، قدرت مقولهای پیچیده است که با ابزارهایی مانند برجستهسازی و حاشیهرانی، شکلگیری هویتهای چندگانه، موقعیت سوژهها، تخاصم و غیریتسازی و عشق بهعنوان ابزاری قدرتمند که مبارزه را بهعنوان دال مرکزی در درون گفتمان خود دارد، شکل میگیرد و به انواع قدرت نرم و قدرت سخت قابل دستهبندی است. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که امیرارسلان در جایگاه قهرمان، دالی است که جانشین استعاری غیاب بزرگ شجاعت، مسئولیتپذیری و اعتماد به نفس بالا در وجود ناصرالدین شاه بوده است و تحقق آرزوهای دست نیافته ناصرالدین شاه - در دوران، کودکی، جوانی و بزرگسالی- در جهان روایت، این قصه را برای او چنان جذاب نموده که چندین بار از زبان نقال زبردست دربار به این قصه گوش فرا داده است.
Literary interdisciplinary research
susan mosaei; jahangir safai; Ebrahim Zaheri abdevand
Abstract
According to Likoff and Johnson,the metaphor of anthropomorphism isontological metaphors through which abstract concepts get a human character and can be related to the attitude and action of the speakerThe object or phenomenon to be describedThe purpose of this research is to examine the anthropomorphism ...
Read More
According to Likoff and Johnson,the metaphor of anthropomorphism isontological metaphors through which abstract concepts get a human character and can be related to the attitude and action of the speakerThe object or phenomenon to be describedThe purpose of this research is to examine the anthropomorphism of the world in Hadiqaand Masnavi in order to show what human qualities these two poets used to givepersonality to the world and in this way,what attitude they aroused in the audienceThe results of theresearch show that Sanai have created the metaphor ofthe world as a human being by attributing the physical moral and social characteristics of humans to the worldThis metaphor includes two more detailed metaphorsthe world as a woman and the world as a human being with moralsocial characteristicsThe subcategories of the metaphorthe world as a woman which was created based on the type of understanding of marriage andfamily relationships,shows that in Sanai poetry,the world of a woman is more prominent and unlike Rumi,in addition to negative moral characteristics,this female world also has a physica andunpleasantappearance,which causes physical and sexual disgust and the audience's action is to avoid itIn themetaphor of the world as a human being with moralsocial characteristics which is also formed based on the knowledge ofsocialinteraction and interpersonal relationships,these two poets have addressed similar images of the world;with the difference that Sanai has portrayed the world as a humanbeing with a vere negative inner world;But in Rumis poetryhe is a human being with positive and negative moral and social characteristics
Literary interdisciplinary research
Mandana Mangeli
Abstract
David Yalom considers solitude as the first principle of anxiety and sufferings of human existence. His principle mostly deals with existential solitude and isolation. Most of the fictional characters of Bilghees Soleimani experience tribulations due to loneliness and desperation and are in a state of ...
Read More
David Yalom considers solitude as the first principle of anxiety and sufferings of human existence. His principle mostly deals with existential solitude and isolation. Most of the fictional characters of Bilghees Soleimani experience tribulations due to loneliness and desperation and are in a state of quandary. Present research by employing descriptive-analytical method seeks to evaluate the aspects of solitude in the fictional works of Bilghees Soleimani from David Yalom’s perspective. On the basis of the finding of the present research, it becomes known that most of the fictional characters of Bilghees So leimani-especially women- despite their encounter with the social shortcomings, seek to find and create their individual identity but they do not succeed in their efforts which ultimately results in their self annihilation and suicide. Meanwhile family plays fundamental role in the loneliness of the fictional characters of Bilqees Soleimani and their pursuit of education in a foreign land further draws them to isolation. Identity and acceptance plays an effective role in the life of a person and his relations with the others. According to research findings, the anxiety in loneliness arises from an individual's severely shattered relationship with the surrounding world.
Literary interdisciplinary research
fatemeh zamani; Ebrahim Kanani
Abstract
The issue of lifestyle is one of the important topics that is discussed in social semiotics.The position of the subject is represented as a discourse field that is lived in inter-subject interactions and realized in a discourse context.This discourse area is based on socio-cultural conventions based ...
Read More
The issue of lifestyle is one of the important topics that is discussed in social semiotics.The position of the subject is represented as a discourse field that is lived in inter-subject interactions and realized in a discourse context.This discourse area is based on socio-cultural conventions based on which the subject interacts with other objects and actions. Eric Landofsky, a social semiotician, in the study of social communication, based on the relationship between the "reference" and "other" groups, has identified four types of "different lifestyles", which include the "snob", "dandy" and "sun worshiper" and "bear" lifestyles. The long history of the class system in Iran and its continuation in the Islamic era until before constitutionalism has organized different lifestyles. Kalileh and Demeneh are among the works that represent the relationship between the ruling and subordinate groups in an allegorical and symbolic way. This article, using Eric Landofsky's approach, examines different lifestyles in the "Lion and Cow" of Kalileh and Demeneh. The result of the present study shows that the snobbish Demeneh represents two types of courtiers' lifestyles (loyal and treacherous) by simulating with the reference group. Like "Dandy", Kalila's behavior tends to be distinguished from the court reference group. At first, like the "sun worshiper", the cow inevitably imitates the reference group, and in the end, like the "bear", it causes its own destruction with an abnormal behavior. The lion, which is a symbol of absolute power, deviates from the ideal king's characteristics by adopting the abnormal behavior style of "bear".
Literary interdisciplinary research
Fatemeh TaghiNezhad; Mohtasham Mohammadi; Alimohammad mahmoudi
Abstract
The main goal of this research is the comparative study of themes influenced by women's discourse and the frequent archetypes of Roza Jamali and Ghadeh al-Samman's poetry. this researchBy using the approach of comparative content analysis, he has examined and criticized the prominent and archetypal ...
Read More
The main goal of this research is the comparative study of themes influenced by women's discourse and the frequent archetypes of Roza Jamali and Ghadeh al-Samman's poetry. this researchBy using the approach of comparative content analysis, he has examined and criticized the prominent and archetypal examples of poetry of the two mentioned poets - which is the result of the introduction of modernism in contemporary poetry in Iranian and Arab societies. Considering that these two poets have many similarities in terms of using words and feminine linguistic elements, their poems have been comparatively analyzed from the aspect of frequent words.The findings showed that they are very similar in terms of female mentality and language and symbolic words, which are all based on the female imaginations of these two poets and have archetypal roots. In fact, both poets have a surreal mentality originating from the subconscious mind. The result of the research also showed that the symbolic language of these two poets is mostly derived from female discourse and refers to the female pronoun of the poet. Also, the female archetypal elements (life, immortality and death) in the poems of these poets have a special power and prominence, which Roza Jamali compares birth and life to the feminine word "earth" and Ghada al-Samman equates female immortality to herself. It is shown by "trees and forests".
Literary interdisciplinary research
Mahnaz Jokari; Saeed Hesampour
Abstract
Motherhood is a concept that its representation in the real world is influenced by theories, history, legends and constructions that are institutionalized in the culture of a nation. In this research, considering the importance of motherhood in young adults' novels, we have investigated the types ...
Read More
Motherhood is a concept that its representation in the real world is influenced by theories, history, legends and constructions that are institutionalized in the culture of a nation. In this research, considering the importance of motherhood in young adults' novels, we have investigated the types of mothers' subjectivity. The purpose of this research is to investigate the variety of mothers' subjectivity in the history of young adults' novels. The approach of the research was to examine the subject and power from Foucault point of view and other theorists, and the research method was qualitative and inductive data analysis. For this purpose, more than 30 fiction works from the 5 recent decades have been reviewed and, in this research, 15 examples in 6 categories of mothers' subjectivity have been extracted. The results of the research show that the subjectivity of mothers in these works from the 50s until now, according to the passage of time, does not vary much and is always defined under the influence of power relations. After examining the works, 6 categories of subjectivity for mothers can be listed: 1. None subjectivity; 2. objective; 3. Accomplice subject; 4. mediating subjectivity (emphasized femininity); 5. discourse subjectivity; 6. Economic subject.
Literary interdisciplinary research
hossein qasemizadeh; bizhan zahiri nan
Abstract
Lily and Majnoon is one of Ganjavi's most important military works in the field of lyrical literature. Nezami depicts one of the most important and famous Arabic love stories in this poem. In this research, using the library study method and in a descriptive-analytical way and using Robert J. Sternbergs ...
Read More
Lily and Majnoon is one of Ganjavi's most important military works in the field of lyrical literature. Nezami depicts one of the most important and famous Arabic love stories in this poem. In this research, using the library study method and in a descriptive-analytical way and using Robert J. Sternbergs love triangle theory. (which is a psychological theory), the character of insane love has been studied, studied and analyzed. Studies show that majnon love in Lily and the majnon system, from Sternberg's point of view, is participatory love; Thus, the majnon enjoys intimacy in relation to a slight negligence; His love consists of components such as the desire to increase the well-being of the beloved, great respect for the beloved, mutual understanding of the parties in the relationship, sharing himself and the property and assets of the parties, gaining emotional support from the beloved, feeling emotional support to the beloved, sincere communication and respect Putting each other into a discussion of intimacy.In addition to intimacy, commitment is another issue that the majnon has in itself, and intimacy and commitment together create a shared love that is the majnon love for Lily. majnon love does not have the side of emotion (passion) in itself.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Fatemeh Mahvan
Abstract
The art of illustrating literary works embellished text and helps to better understand the text. Khayyam's painting of quatrains has attracted the attention of Western painters not only from the perspective of Oriental artists but also with the help of Fitzgerald's translation. This study examines the ...
Read More
The art of illustrating literary works embellished text and helps to better understand the text. Khayyam's painting of quatrains has attracted the attention of Western painters not only from the perspective of Oriental artists but also with the help of Fitzgerald's translation. This study examines the most prominent examples of Khayyam's quatrains from east to west and answers the question of what are the differences between the illustrations of Eastern and Western artists and from what point of view each Have the quatrains have been noticed? One of the most famous Eastern examples is the quatrains of Mohammad Tajvidi's paintings and one of the best Western examples is the paintings of Edmund Sullivan, Gabriel Rosserti, and Gilbert James, which this study deals with. The necessity of research is that although in the West, a great deal of attention has been paid to the illustration of quatrains, but the Iranians have not paid enough attention to Khayyam's poems, especially its illustrations, and the existing paintings are mainly market art. Therefore, comparing these drawings with Western examples can further reveal the visual capabilities of the quatrains. The results show that Iranian painters were content to create an image equivalent to the quatrains, but Western artists took an interpretive approach to the quatrains and tried to create innovative images for Khayyam's quatrains through mythological symbols and the link between Eastern and Western culture.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Hadi Yousefi
Abstract
Social psychosis or cultural trauma is a term of medical knowledge and one of the new topics in the field of cultural sociology, which is used in the sense of individual and social psychological injuries. And at certain times, such as war and violence, etc., it dominates a society and makes the people ...
Read More
Social psychosis or cultural trauma is a term of medical knowledge and one of the new topics in the field of cultural sociology, which is used in the sense of individual and social psychological injuries. And at certain times, such as war and violence, etc., it dominates a society and makes the people of that community react in certain way. A study of Iranian society during and after the Arab invasion; That is, during their rule over Iran - which clearly led to the cultural, linguistic and identity violation of Iranians- It indicates that the Iranian society is suffering from psychosis, or cultural trauma, which has provoked numerous reactions, from armed struggle to cultural activities. Ferdowsi is one of the people who, with a conscious understanding of cultural trauma and knowledge of its treatment methods, took a step towards the revival of Iranian society. Therefore, the present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner and with an example, examines Ferdowsi's wise strategies in order to cure the psychological wounds of Iranian society. The results show that Ferdowsi has considered three specific strategies of thought, identity and language and has developed all three strategies simultaneously with the composition of Shahnameh and finally warned the Iranian audience throughout the ages that if a nation in order to survive, he must preserve his language, and in his opinion, preserving the language is equal to preserving his identity and everything that depends on it.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Afsaneh Ghiyasvand; Mohsen Akbari
Abstract
Every narrative is made up of elements, and these narrative elements take certain forms and methods based on the listening narrative and the concepts focused in it. Narrative rhetoric is the supervisor of the influence of narration on listening narration, which also shows the conscious creation of narrations ...
Read More
Every narrative is made up of elements, and these narrative elements take certain forms and methods based on the listening narrative and the concepts focused in it. Narrative rhetoric is the supervisor of the influence of narration on listening narration, which also shows the conscious creation of narrations to convey concepts. Majid's stories are among the works of fiction that are created based on the representation of the cognitive world of children and adolescents and are suitable for their mental world. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, seeks to explain the role of rhetoric in the narration of these stories. The results of the research indicate that: Hoshang Moradi Kermani, in the form of a character in the story (a young narrator), adheres to the requirements of the world of children and teenagers and the specific language of their narratives, and creates images of tangible and tangible things. which is very compatible with the cognitive world of children and adolescents. Paying attention to listening narration in these stories has made the language and expression of the stories, the rhetoric hidden in them, the narrative mechanisms and the concepts focused in them to be used in accordance with the listening narration.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Sareh Malaki; Fahime Pahlavan
Abstract
The subject of this research is the manifestation of visual puns in poster design. In this research, first, the array of puns and their types were introduced, then visual puns and how to use them in poster design were investigated. The target community in this research is the social posters designed ...
Read More
The subject of this research is the manifestation of visual puns in poster design. In this research, first, the array of puns and their types were introduced, then visual puns and how to use them in poster design were investigated. The target community in this research is the social posters designed on the topic of AIDS in America, which were designed in 2008 and 2009, and the designers used puns as the main basis for creating their work. Among these, the two posters that had the most variables discussed in the research were examined as the sample population. The purpose of this research is the comparative study of the array of puns in words and how it is manifested in poster design. The current research is applied and its method is qualitative from the perspective of research data. This means that first, the desired variables in the posters of the sample community, which were collected by referring to electronic sources, using the method of observation, coding, and extracted from the samples, then in the form of four categories of visual, symbolic, linguistic and The use of visual puns were also investigated. In general, the results of this research showed that just as puns in words are considered a kind of summary writing and make the words beautiful and effective, visual puns can also help designers as one of the best creative ways to solve graphic design problems.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Saeedeh Tahiri Rustomi; Mandana Mangeli
Abstract
The present article examines the behavioural traits of the characters in the novel 'Autumn Is the Final Season’ by Naseem Marashi (born in 1363) which is based on the theory of traits propounded by Ramond Bernard Cattell (1905-1998). The main characters of the novel are three women named Leila, ...
Read More
The present article examines the behavioural traits of the characters in the novel 'Autumn Is the Final Season’ by Naseem Marashi (born in 1363) which is based on the theory of traits propounded by Ramond Bernard Cattell (1905-1998). The main characters of the novel are three women named Leila, Roja and Shabana who have behavioural traits emanating from migration, family, emotions and works. One of the views related to personality can be called the theory of Ramond Bernard Cattell. This theory tries to describe a person’s traits that are caused by his behavioral personality. His formal traits are obvious and superficial and are of short duration. According to Raymond Cattell deep traits are embedded and more prominent in a person. Ramond Cattell enumerates sixteen factors which form the traits of a character. This article is a descriptive analysis of them and answers to the fundamental question that which type of character in the novel ‘Autumn Is the Final Season’ fits into the theory of Cattell. According to the result of my research which was conducted on Ramond Cattell’s theory which shows that the character in the novel happens to be more anxious and disturbed.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Sachli Emami; Shahram Hemmatzadeh
Abstract
Abstract:
Literary works and social issues are closely interrelated. By reading these works social nuance can also be examined and understood. Women and their status in different societies have always been among the most important issues throughout history. This paper aims to study the themes of sexuality ...
Read More
Abstract:
Literary works and social issues are closely interrelated. By reading these works social nuance can also be examined and understood. Women and their status in different societies have always been among the most important issues throughout history. This paper aims to study the themes of sexuality and genderism in two short stories by Sadegh Hedayat, "The Woman Who Lost Her Husband" and Anton Chekhov, "The Lady with the Dog" to compare and examine the intellectual and literary relations between the two authors. In fact, through the combination of interdisciplinary Women's Studies and Literature, issues and questions are raised, which are the goals of both disciplines. For this purpose, by conducting directional content analysis we extracted, categorized, coded, and interpreted the gendered language's elements by the concepts of Paknahad Jabarouti's model and the fundamental values of feminism in both stories. Due to the abundance of gendered words in Hedayat's story, linguistically it is thoroughly gendered, and he has made good use of this tool to portray the patriarchal society of his day. However, in Chekhov's story, fewer gender-biased words are used, and as the end of the story approaches, the use of these words is reduced.
Literary interdisciplinary research
zahra alidoosti; sajad najafi behzadi; Ebrahim Zaheri abdevand
Abstract
picture books play an important role in education, as well as the formation and development of the mental dimensions and information of the child and adolescent audience about the character, content, space and mood of the story. One of the important functions of the image is to convey the atmosphere, ...
Read More
picture books play an important role in education, as well as the formation and development of the mental dimensions and information of the child and adolescent audience about the character, content, space and mood of the story. One of the important functions of the image is to convey the atmosphere, tone and content of old stories for children and teenagers. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the texts rewritten for teenagers. The use of the image element in the rewriting of this precious work introduces the audience to the heroes, national myths and the epic atmosphere of the story. The purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyze the images of the rewritten stories of the Shahnameh based on the text and image components of Pari Nodelman. Nodelman suggests six components for depicting the story. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the questions that the images of the rewritten stories correspond to Nodelman's six components about the image. 2. Which component of Nodelman's six cases can be seen in the images of the rewritten stories? 3. Which narration's rewritten images (Salehi or Fattahi) are more consistent with the six components? The results showed that the images of the rewritten stories (according to Salehi and Fattahi) are more consistent with the first (the most elementary connection between the text and the image) and the second (the image merely presents the visual equivalent of the words) components of Nodelman's theory.
